Titanium ultrasonic reactor tuned to 500 kHz

This study describes the design considerations, principles, and performance of a water-filled ultrasonic reactor formed by 125 mm size titanium cylinder covered with 67 piezoelectric transducers, tuned as system for peak emissions at 500 kHz. The total acoustic power measured radiation force balance is 107 W. sound intensity amplified cavity focusing attributes cylindrical wall. can generate ZnO nanoparticles from ZnAc 2 solution, nanoparticle are found fixated to an epoxy substrate observed under scanning transmission electron microscope. These indications similar sonochemical reaction reported 20 kHz, which validates that inertial cavitation has been reached. wall efficiency 51% compared well-matched POCO graphite-resin layer. exceeds value 17% expected naïve calculation based on impedance-translation theorem. problem optimal emission source more complex than simple reduction reflections transducer boundary. COMSOL simulations show condition requires consideration elasticity charge matrices instead impedance. Approximated analytical suggested preliminary guidance matching